Title : Pollen contaminated with field - relevant levels of cyhalothrin affects honey bee survival , 1 nutritional physiology

14 Honey bees are exposed to a variety of environmental stressors that impact their health, 15 including nutritional stress, pathogens, and chemicals in the environment. In particular, there has 16 been increasing evidence that sublethal exposure to pesticides can cause subtle, yet important 17 effects on honey bee health and behavior. Here, we add to this body of knowledge by presenting 18 data on bee-collected pollen containing sublethal levels of cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, 19 which, when fed to young honey bees, results in significant changes in lifespan, nutritional 20 physiology, and behavior. For the first time, we show that when young, nest-aged bees are 21 presented with pollen containing field-relevant levels of cyhalothrin, they reduce their 22 consumption of contaminated pollen. This indicates that, at least for some chemicals, young bees 23 are able to detect contamination in pollen and change their behavioral response, even if the 24 contamination levels do not prevent foraging honey bees from collecting the contaminated 25 pollen.